After studying this session, you should be able to:

• Describe how you would identify a fetus in the vertex presentation and distinguish this from common malpresentations and malpositions.
• Describe the causes and complications for the fetus and the mother of fetal malpresentation during full term labour.
• Describe how you would identify a multiple pregnancy and the complications that may arise.
• Explain when and how you would refer a woman in labour due to abnormal fetal presentation or multiple pregnancy.