Match the following words to their correct definitions.

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What are the 4 Ps of marketing?

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b.

The 4Ps are: product, place, promotion and price.

Two examples of commercial opportunities in urban sanitation are:

a pit-emptying service
a slab-manufacturing business.

For each of these possible businesses, suggest at least one way to create demand for the product or service and at least one possible constraint to a successful and sustainable business.

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To create demand for a pit-emptying service you would have to raise awareness among the people who owned or were responsible for the pits of the need for regular emptying and the potential dangers of the pit overflowing if it was not emptied. Constraints include:
- Demand for latrine slabs could be created by the CLTSH strategy or promoting the advantages of latrines by behaviour change communication – or both. Promotional leaflets and advertisements could help to convince people of the benefits or having their own improved latrine (health benefits, impressing their neighbours etc.). Constraints are similar to those above in some respects and include:

This is not a complete list and you may have thought of other ways of creating demand and possible constraints.

Which of the following statements is false? In each case explain why it is incorrect.

Sanitation marketing is aimed at encouraging individuals and households to want to install their own latrine.
Making good quality slabs that are durable, easy to clean and reasonably priced is all that is needed for a successful business.
Sanitation marketing aims to improve public and environmental health by encouraging demand for sanitation products and services.
Sanitation marketing can support communities in achieving the goal of open-defecation free (ODF) status.
The only way to convince people to buy a latrine is to tell them about the health risks from open defecation.

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B is false. Even the best quality slabs will not sell unless there is demand for them.

E is false. Telling people about health risks is important but they may be more convinced by arguments that emphasise the increased status and sense of pride they may gain from having a latrine.

Give two examples of potential benefits and two examples of possible drawbacks from public–private partnerships in urban sanitation and waste management.

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Benefits from public–private partnerships include:

they can be more efficient and provide a better service because private companies are motivated by the potential profits
private companies can be specialists in the service area and have access to expert knowledge and special equipment
they may be able to access funds that are not available to government offices.

Drawbacks include:

private companies may be greedy and more interested in profit than in providing a good service
they may not be committed to providing the service over a long period of time and may leave or close down unexpectedly
if a single company provides a service with no competition they may take advantage of their monopoly by raising prices.