Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning Outcomes by answering these questions.

An intervention is planned to provide free sanitary products to girls at local schools. A participant analysis has been conducted and has identified primary, secondary and tertiary target populations for the intervention. Classify the following according to where you think they were placed:

teachers
women/youth associations
head teachers
mothers
other women in the household
other women in the extended family and community
girls of menstruating age
health extension workers
kebele/woreda administrators
religious leaders.

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Primary target population:

Girls of menstruating age.

Secondary target population:

Teachers.
Head teachers.
Mothers.
Other women in the household.

Tertiary target population:

Other women in the extended family and community.
Health extension workers.
Kebele/woreda administrators.
Religious leaders.

According to the FOAM framework, the determinants of opportunity can be grouped under four subheadings:

access and availability
product attributes
social norms
sanctions and enforcement.

Match each of the following sentences to one of these determinant groups.

Determinants of opportunity	Determinant subgroup
A toddler sees an older child washing their hands after using the latrine and copies this behaviour
A family decides what sort of sanitary facility to build based on the single type of platform that is for sale in their local marketplace
The mother in a household wants a different latrine because her friends have told her it is easy to clean
The village community establishes a system for punishing anyone who contaminates their water supply

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Determinants of opportunity	Determinant subgroup
A toddler sees an older child washing their hands after using the latrine and copies this behaviour	social norm
A family decides what sort of sanitary facility to build based on the single type of platform that is for sale in their local marketplace	access and availability
A woman selects a new latrine for her household because her friends have told her it is easy to clean	product attributes
A village community establishes a system for punishing anyone who contaminates their water supply	sanctions and enforcement

The determinants of ability are grouped under subheadings of:

knowledge

skills

social support

roles and decisions

affordability.

Match each of the following sentences to one of these determinant groups.

Determinants of ability	Determinant subgroup
A grandmother tells her daughter where she can dispose of her baby’s faeces
A man starts encouraging his family to use soap for handwashing, because a local initiative is giving the soap away for free
A girl hides her used sanitary pads because she doesn’t know where she should dispose of them
A boy knows how to wash his hands effectively using soap and water
A head teacher decides to implement changes at her school, meaning that all children have access to safe drinking water during the school day.

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Determinants of ability	Determinant subgroup
A grandmother tells her daughter where she can dispose of her baby’s faeces	social support
A man starts encouraging his family to use soap for handwashing, because a local initiative is giving the soap away for free	affordability
A girl hides her used sanitary pads because she doesn’t know where she should dispose of them	knowledge
A boy knows how to wash his hands effectively using soap and water	skills
A head teacher decides to implement changes at her school, meaning that all children have access to safe drinking water during the school day	roles and decisions

The determinants of motivation are grouped under subheadings of:

attitudes and belief

values

emotional, social and physical drivers

competing priorities

intention

willingness to pay.

Match each of the following sentences to one of these determinant groups.

Determinants of motivation	Determinant subgroup
During Ramadan, a family would rather save for celebration than spend money on sanitation
A community would welcome the provision of an alternative to open defecation because they have a big problem with snakes
A mother believes that her baby’s faeces are harmless and therefore do not need special measures for disposal
The head of a household will pay for the materials needed to build a latrine but refuses to pay for the labour required
A community believes in environmental sustainability
A landlord agrees that he will upgrade the sanitation facilities in his properties

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Determinants of motivation	Determinant subgroup
During Ramadan, a family would rather save for celebration than spend money on sanitation	competing priorities
A community would welcome the provision of an alternative to open defecation because they have a big problem with snakes	emotional, social and physical drivers
A mother believes that her baby’s faeces are harmless and therefore do not need special measures for disposal	attitudes and beliefs
The head of a household will pay for the materials needed to build a latrine but refuses to pay for the labour required	willingness to pay
A community believes in environmental sustainability	values
A landlord agrees that he will upgrade the sanitation facilities in his properties	intention

If you got any of these determinant questions wrong you should revisit the text to understand the differences. It is important to note that in every case there will be a number of complex issues and so you will be able to argue for other likely determinants coming into play if you start to think in more depth about each scenario. This is why it is important to spend time gathering all the available information in every case!

Assume that your primary target group in a handwashing promotion is mothers of children under the age of five years in your woreda.

Identify one person who can directly influence these mothers.
Identify one social norm that can negatively influence mothers’ handwashing behaviours.
Identify one gender issue that affects mothers.

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These are some examples you may have thought of:

People who can directly influence mothers of children under the age of five years include HEWs, members of the Health Development Army, grandmothers and other relatives.
Personal beliefs that may negatively influence mothers’ handwashing behaviour include believing that hands are clean unless they are visibly dirty. They may also believe that children’s faeces are not dangerous.
Gender issues that may affect mothers are mostly related to their role in the home. Mothers are likely to be very busy with household chores. Husbands may not help mothers at home. Traditionally men do not get involved in household activities, such as food preparation, childcare and cleaning, so mothers often have to do these on their own.

Which of the following are sex characteristics and which are gender characteristics?

Women have breasts while men do not.
Women do more household work than men.
Women menstruate while men do not.
Men are mostly responsible for earning money for the family.
Many more men hold managerial positions than women.
Men generally have larger bones than women.
Women take most of the responsibility for caring the children at home.
Men have facial hair while women do not.

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Points 1, 3, 6 and 8 are sex characteristics:

Women have breasts while men do not.
Women menstruate while men do not.
Men generally have larger bones than women.
Men have facial hair while women do not.

Points 2, 4, 5, and 7 are gender characteristics:

Women do more household work than men.
Men are mostly responsible for earning money for the family.
Many more men hold managerial positions than women.
Women take most of the responsibility for caring the children at home.