2 is false. Expenditure must be less than revenue to be financially sustainable.

3 is false. Sustainability should ensure that benefits are widespread and long lasting.

4 is false. Tariffs should be set to cover costs rather than maximise profits and they should not be so high that people cannot afford to pay for water.

Options (1), (3) and (5) all contribute to the initial planning stage.

Option (2) contributes to the construction stage.

Options (4) and (6) contribute to the post-construction stage.

1. Qwara knows the benefits of treating water at point of use and could treat water at home if she could find any treatment chemicals to buy. But although she knows she could adopt this practice to ensure that the water her family are drinking is safe, she is unable to do so because she does not have access to the necessary treatment. This lack of access is negatively influencing Qwara’s practice, despite her good intentions.
2. Wagaye would like to encourage her family to wash their hands with soap after using the latrine because she know this will help prevent her children from getting diarrhoeal diseases. But although she is aware of the dangers, there are no handwashing facilities near the latrine that her children use. This lack of an adequate facility is preventing Wagaye’s children from adopting safe and hygienic practices, despite her encouragement to do so. It is having a negative influence.

• Good governance: Leaders and decision makers might be able to use their influence to improve the latrine facility that Wagaye uses and to ensure that handwashing facilities are built nearby. This will only be feasible with good governance, i.e. governance systems that allow appropriate decisions to be made and implemented.
• Strong social accountability: The decisions made will depend on the level of accountability among leaders and decision makers. Wagaye’s family have no latrine in their own compound, so have to use the communal latrine. Without handwashing facilities, they are vulnerable to disease. With strong social accountability, sound decisions that serve the rights and needs of the population are more likely to be made. This would result in equitable services to all sectors of the community, including those who are vulnerable. So with strong social accountability, handwashing facilities are more likely to be installed at the latrine used by Wagaye and her family.